Understanding Migraine Headaches
Migraine is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent, severe headaches that can last from 4 to 72 hours. Migraines affect approximately 1 in 7 people worldwide and are more common in women than men. The condition involves complex brain mechanisms and can significantly impact daily life. This educational guide helps you understand migraine symptoms, triggers, and when to seek medical attention.
Common Symptoms
- Severe headache - Intense, throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head
- Nausea and vomiting - Feeling sick to the stomach, often with vomiting
- Sensitivity to light - Photophobia, where normal light feels painful
- Sensitivity to sound - Phonophobia, where normal sounds feel overwhelming
- Visual disturbances - Aura symptoms like flashing lights, blind spots, or zigzag patterns
- Dizziness and vertigo - Feeling off-balance or like the room is spinning
Possible Causes
Migraines are caused by abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. The exact cause is not fully understood, but genetics play a significant role. Changes in brain chemicals like serotonin can trigger migraines. Common triggers include stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, lack of sleep, weather changes, and sensory stimuli. The condition often runs in families, suggesting a genetic component.
Risk Factors
- Family history of migraines
- Being female (3 times more common in women)
- Age (most common between ages 15-55)
- Hormonal changes (menstruation, pregnancy, menopause)
- Certain medical conditions (depression, anxiety, epilepsy)
- Lifestyle factors (stress, irregular sleep, poor diet)
When to See a Doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if:
- Sudden, severe headache unlike any you've had before
- Headache with fever, stiff neck, or rash
- Headache after head injury
- Headache with confusion, weakness, or vision changes
- Headache that worsens with coughing or movement
Questions to Ask Your Doctor
- What type of migraine do I have?
- What medications are available for treatment?
- How can I identify and avoid my triggers?
- Are there lifestyle changes that can help?
- When should I seek emergency care?